The short version of WADA Prohibited List fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-08-19 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Legal status varies by country. In some places, cardarine is controlled under medicines or psychoactive substances laws; in others, it may be sold with minimal oversight as a research chemical. Customs agencies have intercepted shipments, and several national health agencies have issued warnings about products marketed for bodybuilding or performance enhancement. The lack of a standardized pharmaceutical supply means identity, purity, and contamination levels can differ widely between samples. These factors make cardarine a regulatory and public health concern rather than a conventional prescription drug.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Laboratory studies have examined GW501516 in cell cultures and rodents for conditions such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Some trials in humans were initiated, but development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in certain models. Those findings do not prove that the compound causes cancer in people, but they contributed to regulatory caution. Later reviews often describe the evidence as preliminary and insufficient for assessing long-term safety.
In the fitness and bodybuilding literature, cardarine is frequently discussed as an endurance agent or fat-loss compound, although such claims are not supported by robust clinical evidence. Online descriptions often mix animal data, user anecdotes, and marketing language. Researchers who study PPARδ agonists distinguish between receptor activation in controlled experiments and unsupervised use of unverified products. The latter introduces unknown purity, dose, and interactions, making reported experiences difficult to interpret scientifically.
GW501516 acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in transcription of genes related to lipid handling and energy use. Activation of PPARδ can shift skeletal muscle toward greater fatty acid oxidation in animal models, which is one reason it drew interest for metabolic disease and exercise research. The exact downstream effects depend on tissue, species, dose, and duration. Human data are sparse, so many proposed benefits remain hypotheses rather than established clinical outcomes.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| IUPAC name | {4-[({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}acetic acid | Systematic name for GW501516 |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the parent compound |
| Molecular formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Includes carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur |
| Molecular weight | 453.5 g/mol | Approximate value for the neutral form |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical description for purified laboratory material |
Published studies have examined GW501516 in animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, and exercise endurance. Early human trials reportedly ended, and development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in some rodent studies. Regulatory agencies have not approved cardarine for any medical use. Its availability through non-pharmaceutical channels raises questions about identity, purity, and legal status that are separate from its laboratory pharmacology. Those questions are often addressed through analytical testing rather than assumptions about product labels.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, also GW-1516, a synthetic compound developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist. It belongs to a class of agents that modulate gene transcription related to lipid and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical and early clinical research for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not progress to approved therapeutic use. Its name appears in fitness and sports contexts despite not being approved as a drug.
Regulatory treatment of cardarine differs by context and jurisdiction. In competitive sport, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists PPARδ agonists, including GW501516, as prohibited at all times. Outside sport, it lacks approval as a prescription medicine in major drug markets, and products sold for human consumption may be treated as unapproved drugs. Some countries also restrict importation or sale through general consumer protection and medicines laws. These classifications affect availability, testing, and legal risk without establishing therapeutic value.
Because cardarine is not an approved medicine, no pharmacopeial monograph defines its identity, purity, or storage requirements. Laboratories typically rely on in-house methods and reference standards when testing materials labeled as GW501516. Certificates of analysis may report purity and identity for a specific batch, but their scope varies and they do not guarantee safety or legal status. Independent verification can include high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The distinction between research chemical labeling and human use is significant because quality standards and oversight differ.
Handling and quality assessment of cardarine reference material follow general laboratory practices for poorly characterized compounds. It typically appears as a white to off-white powder and is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Storage recommendations usually specify a cool, dry, dark place, with long-term storage at low temperature and desiccation. Purity may be checked by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, while identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. No pharmacopeial monograph exists, so reported purity and stability depend on the supplier’s methods.
GW501516 acts as a selective agonist at PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in lipid handling and energy metabolism. Activation of PPARδ in preclinical models increases fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and exercise endurance in rodents. These effects have made the compound a subject of metabolic research and also a target for sport anti-doping rules. In humans, however, controlled studies are limited, and whether similar endurance or metabolic changes occur at tolerated exposures remains an open question. The receptor’s broad tissue distribution also means downstream effects may vary by organ and condition.
Hypoglycemia Weight gain Hypersensitivity: cross-allergicity with sulfonamides Drug interactions (especially first-generation drugs): Increased hypoglycemia with cimetidine, insulin, salicylates, and sulfonamides Salicylates displace tolbutamide from its binding site on plasma binding proteins which lead to increase in free tolbutamide concentration, thus hypoglycemic shock.
===== Serpentes (Snakes) ===== Clade Scolecophidia (Blindsnakes) Family Typhlopidae Anilios bituberculatus, Prong-snouted blind snake (2021) Indotyphlops braminus, Brahminy blindsnake, (2022) Clade Booidea Family Pythonidae Morelia viridis, Green Tree Python (2022) Python bivittatus, Burmese python (2013) Python regius, Ball python (2020) Simalia boeleni, Boelen's Python (2022) Family Boidae Boa constrictor, Boa constrictor (2019) Charina bottae, Rubber boa, (2022) Clade Caenophidia Family Viperidae Azemiops feae, Fea's viper (2022) Bothrops jararaca, Jararaca lancehead, (2021) Crotalus adamanteus, Eastern diamondback rattlesnake (2021) Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus, southwestern speckled rattlesnake (2014) Crotalus oreganus helleri, southern Pacific rattlesnake (2023) Crotalus tigris, Tiger rattlesnake (2021) Crotalus viridis, Great Plains rattlesnake (2018) Daboia siamensis, Eastern Russell's viper (2022) Deinagkistrodon acutus, Five-pacer viper (2016) Protobothrops flavoviridis, Okinawa Habu (2018) Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Taiwanese Habu (2017, 2024) Trimeresurus albolabris, White-lipped tree pit viper (2024) Cerastes gasperetti, Arabian horned viper (2025) Family Homalopsidae Myanophis thanlyinesis, (No common name), (2021) Family Colubridae Ahaetulla prasina, Asian vine snake (2023) Arizona elegans occidentalis, California glossy snake (2022) Chrysopelea ornata, Ornate Flying Snake (2023) Diadophis punctatus, ring-necked snake (2023) Dolichophis caspius, Caspian whipsnake (2020) Elaphe carinata, King ratsnake (2024) Pantherophis guttatus, corn snake (2014) Pantherophis obsoletus, Leucistic Texas Rat Snake (2021) Ptyas mucosa, Oriental rat snake (2024) Thamnophis sirtalis, Common garter snake (2018) Thermophis baileyi, Tibetan hot-spring snake (2018) Family Elapidae Bungarus multicinctus, Many-banded krait (2022) Emydocephalus ijimae, Ijima's turtle-headed sea snake, (2019) Hydrophis curtus, Shaw's Sea Snake (2020) Hydrophis cyanocinctus, blue-banded sea snakes (2021) Hydrophis melanocephalus, slender-necked sea snake, (2019) Laticauda colubrina, yellow-lipped sea krait, (2019) Laticauda laticaudata, blue-lipped sea krait, (2019) Naja atra, Chinese cobra (2024) Naja naja, Indian cobra (2020) Notechis scutatus, mainland tiger snake (2022) Ophiophagus hannah, king cobra (2013) Pseudonaja textilis, eastern brown snake (2022)
Chapter 1: Multi-Species Waves and Practical Applications Chapter 2: Spatial Pattern Formation with Reaction Diffusion Systems Chapter 3: Animal Coat Patterns and Other Practical Applications of Reaction Diffusion Mechanisms Chapter 4: Pattern Formation on Growing Domains: Alligators and Snakes Chapter 5: Bacterial Patterns and Chemotaxis Chapter 6: Mechanical Theory for Generating Pattern and Form in Development Chapter 7: Evolution, Morphogenetic Laws, Developmental Constraints and Teratologies Chapter 8: A Mechanical Theory of Vascular Network Formation Chapter 9: Epidermal Wound Healing Chapter 10: Dermal Wound Healing Chapter 11: Growth and Control of Brain Tumours Chapter 12: Neural Models of Pattern Formation Chapter 13: Geographic Spread and Control of Epidemics Chapter 14: Wolf Territoriality, Wolf-Deer Interaction and Survival
Like most gouramis, the croaking gourami is susceptible to diseases and infections (for instance, very cold air temperatures at the water surface may lead to infections of the labyrinth organ), so regular water changes and temperature maintenance (both in and above the tank) are a must. This species is tolerant of fairly high temperatures: temperatures of 29 °C (84 °F) are easily tolerated though 26 °C (79 °F) seems to be close to optimal. A pH of 6.8 is about right and peat filtration is recommended. Furthermore, this species is very sensitive to noise, so the tank should be in a quiet area.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Large hardened nuclear weapon storage areas were built across European countries in anticipation of local US and European forces falling back as the conventional NATO defense from the Soviet Union, named REFORGER, was believed to only be capable of stalling the Soviets for a short time.
== Research career == Garcia's research integrates approaches in structural biology, biochemistry and protein engineering to understand how cell surface receptors sense environmental cues through the engagement of extracellular ligands, and transduce signals. The overarching theme of the laboratory is to elucidate the structural and mechanistic basis of receptor activation in systems relevant to human disease, and to exploit this information to design and engineer new molecules with therapeutic properties. Thus there is a close integration of basic science discovery with translation. Garcia's laboratory at Stanford has published numerous scientific articles describing the molecular structure and signaling mechanisms of proteins important for immunity, neurobiology and development.
In the United States the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), has since the 1970s been patrolling the usage of illegal drugs and substances for student-athletes attending universities and colleges. In 1999, NCAA Drug Committee published a list containing substances banned for the usage to student-athletes. Year after year it is updated and given to those students participating in college sports. If any student is caught taking any of the substances, they are subjected to suspension or even banned from participating in NCAA sports and possibly attending the university. The list is arranged into eight classes of drugs, featuring examples of each drug. There is no complete list of banned drugs, and any substance closely pharmacologically related to these classes is also banned.
The first functionally characterized de novo gene identified in mice, a noncoding RNA gene, was also described in 2009. In primates, a 2008 informatic analysis estimated that 15/270 primate orphan genes had been formed de novo. A 2009 report identified the first three de novo human genes, one of which is a therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This was, however, shown to lack sufficient evidence for translation and it is regarded as a lncrna. Since this time, a plethora of genome-level studies have identified large numbers of orphan genes in many organisms, although the extent to which they arose de novo, and the degree to which they can be deemed functional, remain debated.
At one week post-procedure, the patients resumed using the external vacuum tissue-expander for 10 hours daily, until the next fat grafting session; 2–5 outpatient procedures, 6–16 weeks apart, were required until the plastic surgeon and the patient were satisfied with the volume, form, and feel of the reconstructed breasts. The follow-up mammogram and MRI examinations found neither defects (necrosis) nor abnormalities (neoplasms). At six months post-procedure, the reconstructed breasts had a natural form, look, and feel, and the stable breast-volumes ranged 300–600 ml per breast. The post-procedure mammographies indicated normal, fatty breasts with well-vascularized fat, and few, scattered, benign oil cysts. The occurred complications included pneumothorax and transient cysts.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. Major drug regulators have not approved GW501516 for treating any medical condition. Products sold as cardarine are typically unapproved research chemicals or supplements, so their contents and safety are not assured.
It is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a hormone and metabolic modulator. Athletes who test positive for GW501516 can face sanctions, including suspensions and loss of results.
Cardarine is a common or trade-style name, while GW501516 is the research code for the same chemical entity. Some sources also use Endurobol or GSK-516. The names refer to the same compound, not distinct drugs.
It binds and activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism and energy balance. This mechanism has been studied mainly in animals and cell models, not established as a safe human therapy.