This is a working overview of GW501516, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-06-24 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound developed in the 1990s through research collaborations involving GlaxoSmithKline. It belongs to a class of molecules known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Early studies explored its effects on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in animal models. The compound was never approved as a human medicine, and clinical development was discontinued. In the years since, it has appeared in fitness and bodybuilding communities as a performance-enhancing substance. Regulatory agencies classify it as an unapproved drug.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression related to fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. GW501516 binds to this receptor with high affinity and activates downstream signaling in skeletal muscle and other tissues. Animal studies reported increased endurance and altered fuel preference, but human data remain limited and inconsistent. The precise relationship between receptor activation and observed physiological changes is still an area of active investigation. Researchers have also examined whether the compound affects inflammation or cell proliferation. No approved therapeutic indication exists for cardarine.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that influences transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid transport, and energy homeostasis. GW501516 binds and activates this receptor with high selectivity relative to PPARα and PPARγ in laboratory assays. Activation alters expression of target genes in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue in animal models. The exact clinical consequences of these changes in humans remain incompletely characterized, and observed effects in animals do not establish therapeutic benefit or safety.
Published studies have examined GW501516 in animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, and exercise endurance. Early human trials reportedly ended, and development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in some rodent studies. Regulatory agencies have not approved cardarine for any medical use. Its availability through non-pharmaceutical channels raises questions about identity, purity, and legal status that are separate from its laboratory pharmacology. Those questions are often addressed through analytical testing rather than assumptions about product labels.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the compound. |
| Chemical class | PPARδ agonist | Synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical form of research-grade material. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water. |
| Typical storage | -20°C | Recommended for long-term storage of stock solutions. |
Quantitative characters are morphological features that can be counted or measured for example a plant species has flower petals 10–12 mm wide. Qualitative characters are morphological features such as leaf shape, flower color or pubescence. Both kinds of characters can be very useful for the identification of plants.
== Contraindications == Labetalol is contraindicated in people with overt cardiac failure, greater-than-first-degree heart block, severe bradycardia, cardiogenic shock, severe hypotension, anyone with a history of obstructive airway disease including asthma, and those with hypersensitivity to the drug.
Galloway told The Independent on Sunday in June 2012: "I am not a pacifist. I am a revolutionary. I am a Socialist who doesn't like Capitalism and who likes Imperialism less. ... I support the armed struggle where there is no alternative." In a 2002 interview with The Guardian, Galloway said he had supported the Soviet Union and said that its end was "the biggest catastrophe of my life". By 2013, he described himself on Twitter as "pro-Palestine, anti-war, pro-equality, anti-Islamophobia". In 2024, Galloway identified as socially conservative, and in 2025 he said he "no longer want[s] to hear [himself] described as a leftist", adding that "it now means liberalism, licence, ‘refugees welcome here’ and so on. All this is inimical to the interests of the working class". Writing for The Guardian in 2024, Michael Chessum argued that Galloway's politics had shifted in the latter half of the 2010s, embracing Scottish unionism and social conservatism alongside more typically leftist positions, and highlighting the involvement of the socially conservative Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist) in the early years of the Workers Party. Chessum likened Galloway's political evolution to that of German politician Sahra Wagenknecht, a leading member of The Left who broke away to found her own eponymous political movement, and who similarly espouses socially conservative positions and anti-NATO views.
== Regulations and law enforcement == Chinese law states that industrial-grade animal fat is not allowed for use in food products because it does not meet basic hygiene standards and may contain high levels of potentially toxic contaminants. The national and local governments are researching ways to test and identify gutter oil but as of 2012 there were no nationwide standards in place to help with this process. The government is looking into methods that rely on technical equipment as well as on-site instant tests to screen suspect oil. There are five proposed tests for gutter oil but each has failed to accurately detect it. Due to China's vast industry of factories involved with legal waste oil processing to create products like plastics, rubbers, fuels, soaps, etc., there have been abundant rumors and allegations about unscrupulous middlemen selling gutter oil for cooking and frying. However, it remains difficult to prove and prosecute such profiteers. Food safety articles funded by PRC provincial science grants attribute continued difficulties in regulatory enforcement to the decentralized nature of the logistics chain, inadequate national infrastructure for disposal/recycling, and frequent innovations in visually and chemically disguising gutter oil. In August and September 2011, the Beijing city government passed two new sets of regulations. The first was "On Accelerating the City's Food Waste and Waste Oil Recycling Program". Its goals are to increase daily food waste processing to 2,200 tons by 2012 and to 2,900 tons by 2015.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
As Knoxville grew, the city's boosters continuously touted the city as an industrial boom town in an attempt to lure major companies. In 1910 and 1911, two major national fairs, the Appalachian Expositions, were held at Chilhowee Park. A third, the National Conservation Exposition, was held in 1913. The fairs demonstrated the economic trend known as the "New South," the transition of the South from an agricultural-based economy to an industrial one. The fairs also advocated the responsible usage of the region's natural resources.
Maggots in a single day would clean a wound much better than any agents we had at our command ... I am sure I saved many lives by their use. He recorded a high survival rate in patients he treated with maggots. During World War I, orthopedic surgeon William S. Baer recorded the case of a soldier left for several days on the battlefield who had sustained compound fractures of the femur and large flesh wounds. The soldier arrived at the hospital with maggots infesting his wounds but had no fever or other signs of infection and survived his injuries, which would normally have been fatal. After the war, Baer began using maggot therapy at Boston Children's Hospital in Massachusetts. There were reports that American prisoners of war of the Japanese in World War II resorted to maggot therapy to treat severe wounds. A survey of US Army doctors published in 2013 found that 10% of them had used maggot therapy.
=== Opposition to retail reforms === Within a week of retail reform announcement, Indian government has faced a political backlash against its decision to allow competition and 51% ownership of multi-brand organised retail in India. Despite the fact that Salman Khurshid, India's law minister, claiming that many opposition parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party, had privately encouraged the government to push through the retail reform, the intense criticism now targets Congress-led coalition government, and its decision to push through one of the biggest economic reforms in years for India. Opposition parties claim supermarket chains are ill-advised, unilateral and unwelcome. The opposition claims the entry of organised retailers would lead to their dominance that would decimate local retailers and force millions of people out of work. Mamata Banerjee, the chief minister of West Bengal and the leader of the Trinamool Congress, announced her opposition to retail reform, claiming "Some people might support it, but I do not support it. You see America is America … and India is India. One has to see what one's capacity is". Other states whose Chief Ministers have either personally announced opposition or announced reluctance to implement the retail reforms: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. Chief Ministers of many states have not made a personal statement in opposition or support of India needing retail reforms. Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka and Rajasthan are examples of these states.
== Cost == Prices can vary depending on location, but the average cost of cricket flour is around $40 per pound ($88/kg) (4,200 to 4,800 crickets). This price is inflated due to limited commercialization and few processors.
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive — The Central Powers attacked Lemberg, the Galician capital and sent the Russians into a headlong retreat. Second Battle of Artois — French forces under command of General Victor d'Urbal launched renewed artillery bombardments and infantry assaults against the German line on the Western Front south of German-held Souchez, France. Battle of Hébuterne — The battle concluded with the French holding on to their line, but at a cost of over 10,000 casualties. The Germans lost around 4,000 including 651 prisoners. Charge of Rokitna — A cavalry squadron of 70 men led by Rittmeister Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz with the 2nd Polish Brigade charged Imperial Russian Army positions at the village of Rokytne in the Austrian-Hungarian province of Bukovina (now part of Ukraine). The charge broke through three lines of Russian trenches, but resulted in 40 casualties among the squadron including the commanding officer. The Austro-Hungarian infantry failed to capitalize on the break. Greece held legislative elections under the Old Style calendar, with Eleftherios Venizelos and his Liberal Party winning by a landslide, gaining 187 of the 316 seats in the Greek Parliament. Legislative elections were held in Portugal, with the Democratic Party winning 106 of the 163 seats in the House of Representatives and 45 of the 69 seats in the Senate. General elections were held in San Marino to elect the fourth Grand and General Council.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
suspension culture A type of cell culture in which individual cells or aggregates of cells are suspended in a liquid growth medium, and usually prevented from settling by continuous gentle agitation. Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types readily proliferate in suspension cultures, but they are particularly useful for culturing non-adherent cell lines such as hematopoietic cells, plant cells, and insect cells. Compare adherent culture.
=== Biosensing === SWCNTs have nanoscale dimensions that match the size of biological species. Due to this size compatibility and their large surface-to-volume ratio, they are sensitive to changes in their chemical environment. Through covalent and non-covalent surface functionalization, SWCNTs can be precisely tailored for selective molecular interactions with a target analyte. The SWCNT represents the transduction unit that converts the interaction into a signal change (optical or electrical). Due to continuous progress in the development of detection strategies, there are numerous examples of the use of SWCNTs as highly sensitive nanosensors (even down to the single molecule level) for a variety of important biomolecules. Examples include the detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, neurotransmitters, other small molecules, lipids, proteins, sugars, DNA/RNA, enzymes as well as bacteria.
For services to Public Health in Scotland. Gerard Anthony Lemos, CMG. Non-Executive Chair, HM Prisons and Probation Service Agency Board. For Public and Voluntary Service. Zoe Ann Lewis. Principal and Chief Executive Officer, Middlesbrough College. For services to Further Education. Dr. Andrew John Mackintosh. Adviser, The Knowledge Assets Initiative. For services to Science and Technology, and to Enterprise Development. Barbara Hilary Manning. Lately Head of Payments, Banking and Shared Services, Department for Work and Pensions. For services to the Public and to the State Funeral of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Anthony McGee. Director, Ukraine Task Force, Ministry of Defence. For Public Service. Michael Messinger, LVO, QPM. Lately Chancellor, Order of St. John (England) and Deputy Chairman, St John Ambulance. For voluntary service to St John Ambulance. Colin Morrison, OBE. Founder and Chair, Boarding School Partnerships. For services to Education. Katherine Louise Mosse, OBE. Author. For services to Literature, to Women and to Charity. Ciaran Michael Murphy, KC. Senior Counsel. For services to Criminal Justice. Stuart Neil Luke Murphy. Chief Executive, English National Opera. For services to Opera. Professor Joseph Gerard Nellis. Professor of Global Economy, School of Management Cranfield University. For services to Higher Education, to Economics, to Business and to Charity. Dr. Vanessa Jane Ogden. Chief Executive Officer, Mulberry Schools Trust. For services to Education. René Olivieri. For services to the Charitable Sector. Lynn Margaret Pamment.
== Importance == Proteomic profiling is important in the advancement of our understanding of biological processes and mechanisms of disease. It helps in pathogen identification, thereby enhancing diagnostics and vaccine development by revealing protein interactions and functions related to virulence. Protein profiling has greatly helped in the early detection of cancers by using specific proteins found in the blood plasma. Recent studies have developed proteome-based tests with a high degree of accuracy in the detection of early stage cancers, using panels of proteins that distinguish cancerous from normal samples. For example, it has recently been demonstrated that using panels of ten sex-specific proteins, early-stage cancer could be identified with up to 93% accuracy in males and 84% in females at high specificity levels.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic PPARδ agonist developed for research. It has not been approved as a medication in any country. It is classified as an unapproved drug and a prohibited substance in sport.
No. Cardarine is not an anabolic steroid; it belongs to a different chemical class that targets PPARδ. Steroids act primarily through androgen receptors, while cardarine acts through a nuclear receptor involved in metabolism.
Some rodent studies reported increased endurance and changes in fat metabolism after cardarine exposure. Long-term studies in animals also raised concerns about cancer in certain tissues. Human trial data are limited, so these findings cannot be directly translated to people.
Cardarine is commonly known as GW501516 or GW-1516. These names refer to the same synthetic compound. It is not a brand-name approved medicine.